International partners can support and collaborate, but they cannot chart the course.

The experience of Syrian refugees living in Erbil 10 years after their initial arrival, was examined in this research.

Traditional authority alone cannot resist violent extremism unless backed by strong, inclusive institutions and community trust.

The new Erdogan-Ocalan initiative to end a five-decade-long conflict has the potential to reshape the dynamics of the Middle East.

Recent events in Syria represent a turning point in the history of the Middle East, where internal dynamics are intertwined with regional and international ones.

The unicameral legislature’s dominance has contributed to the country’s fragility, but a constitutionally mandated solution to this problem already exists

While federalism is a constitutional right, Al-Samarai personally disfavors this option.

Now is the time to move beyond conflict and find ways to foster dialogue, recovery, and prosperity across the region.

Syria remains trapped in a state of “neither war nor peace,” making its political future highly uncertain.

Syria’s fundamental problem lies in its constitution, which has historically failed to represent the aspirations of all Syrians